Participles Adjectives

1. A participle is a verb form which can be used as an adjective to

describe a noun.

     an interesting book

     an interested student

2. When the present participle (-ing from) is used, the noun it describes is (or was) the

   performer of the activity named by the participle.  For example, in the sentence

   "The dog barks," the dog is the performer of the action (bark). It is a barking dog.

3. When the past participle (-ed, -en form) is used, the noun it describes is (or was)

   acted upon.  For example, in The child is frightened by the dog, the child is the

   receiver of the action and is described as a frightened child.

4. The use of the present or past participle does not depend on the verb tense of the

   sentence, but rather on the performer/receiver situation.

The dog barks	It is a barking dog
The dog barked	It was a barking dog
The dog frightens the cat.	It is a frightening dog.
The dog frightened the cat.	It was a frightening dog.
The problem confuses the students.	It is a confusing problem.
The students are confused by the problem.	They are confused students.
The story amused the children.	It was an amusing story.
The children were amused by the story.	They were amused children.
The class bores the students.	It is a boring class.
The students are bored by the class.	They are bored students.

5. The use of participles is not restricted to the subject of a

sentence. In other words, the same statement can produce both a

present (active) and a past (passive) participle.

Examples:

The dog frightens the cat.	The frightening dog runs after the cat. The frightened cat runs away.
The problem confuses the students.	The confusing problem frightens the students. They are confused students.
The story amused the children.	It was an amusing story. The amused children laughed a lot.
The class bores the students.	What a boring class it is! The bored students have stopped listening to the teacher.

6. Participles used as adjectives often come after the noun they modify, following a linking verb like

Be, Become, or Seem

 Mathematics is interesting.

 My friends are interested in sports

 You seem comfused

 Problems often become frustrating.

 I am fascinated by my children.

 My children quickly became tired at school.

 School can be tiring for young children

[Adapted from: Alt & Kirkland, Steps to Composition Azar, Understanding and Using English Grammar]
taken by http://rwc.hunter.cuny.edu/reading-writing/on-line/particip.html